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Nietzsche’s mature philosophy is covered in depth in Beyond Good and Evil. There are 296 aphorisms in the book, ranging in length from a few sentences to a few pages. The aphorisms are divided into nine chapters, each of which is bookended by a preface and a poem. While each aphorism can be read on its own, there are connections between the many themes in each chapter, as well as throughout chapters throughout the book. The preamble accuses philosophers of dogmatism, which is explored in the first chapter. Every great philosophy is nothing more than a rationalization for its creator’s own preconceptions and assumptions.
Nietzsche contrasts dogmatic intellectuals with a free spirit who is unconcerned about one’s own point of view. The latter are willing to test any theory and follow an argument to its conclusion. The nature of dogmatism and religious thought is discussed by Nietzsche. He goes on to say that morality is a way for us to conquer ourselves, but that most people aren’t capable of doing so. In fact, he claims that today’s intellectuals are more interested in data than in meaning.
Nietzsche believed in a social hierarchy, which is what he meant when he said “a good conscience” in the paragraph. Women, like everyone else, have preconceptions that they must be conscious of. In fact, Nietzsche spends eight pages expressing his disdain for women. Following that, Nietzsche discusses nationalism and nationalities. Different cultures, he feels, have fundamental qualities. He condemns anti-Semitism while praising the English for their originality and ingenuity, for example. Finally, he speaks of a “good European” who can rise above these concerns and discover true identity. Nietzsche’s definition of nobility is presented in the book’s final chapter. A noble spirit, he claims, is one who has risen above the rabble and is entirely misunderstood by them. On top of a mountain, a great spirit wishes he had more pals.
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